A massive tornado outbreak of stunning violence swept through the nation's midsection yesterday, spawning deadly tornadoes that killed at least 31. Hardest hit were Kentucky and Southern Indiana, which suffered 13 and 14 dead, respectively. Three were killed in Ohio, and one in Alabama. The scale of the outbreak was truly exceptional, with a preliminary total of 81 tornadoes touching down in eleven states, from southern Ohio to southern Georgia. At one point, 31 separate tornado warnings were in effect during the outbreak. An area larger than Nebraska--81,000 square miles--received tornado warnings, and tornado watches were posted for 300,000 square miles--an area larger than Texas.

Figure 1. Satellite image of the massive storm that spawned yesterday's tornado outbreak, taken at 4:55 pm EST March 2, 2012. NASA has an impressive satellite animation of the storm. Image credit: NASA/GSFC.
Incredibly fast-moving storms
The speed with which some of the storms moved was truly exceptional, thanks to jet stream winds of up to 115 mph that pushed the thunderstorms forward at amazing speeds. A number of the tornadoes ripped through Kentucky with forward speeds of 70 mph, and two tornado warnings in Central Kentucky were issued for parent thunderstorms that moved at 85 mph. If damage surveys reveal that these thunderstorms did indeed spawn tornadoes, they will set the record for fastest-moving tornadoes in recorded history. The record for the fastest moving tornado is 73 mph, set in 1925 for the great Tri-State Tornado, the deadliest U.S. tornado of all-time. Here's the text from one of the tornado warnings yesterday, featuring a storm moving at 85 mph:
BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
TORNADO WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOUISVILLE KY
439 PM EST FRI MAR 2 2012
THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN LOUISVILLE HAS ISSUED A
* TORNADO WARNING FOR...
FAYETTE COUNTY IN EAST CENTRAL KENTUCKY...
THIS INCLUDES THE CITY OF LEXINGTON...
JESSAMINE COUNTY IN EAST CENTRAL KENTUCKY...
EASTERN WOODFORD COUNTY IN EAST CENTRAL KENTUCKY...
* UNTIL 515 PM EST...
* AT 434 PM EST...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING A TORNADO. THIS DANGEROUS
STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR WILMORE...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 85 MPH.
Video 1. Short video the violent tornado that devastated West Liberty, Kentucky.

Figure 2. Radar image of the West Liberty, Kentucky tornado of March 2, 2012, showing a classic hook echo. The tornado killed at least 3 people, and devastated the downtown area.
Second largest tornado outbreak so early in the year?
NOAA's Storm Prediction Center logged 81 preliminary tornado reports from yesterday's outbreak as of noon today. These preliminary reports are typically over-counted by 15%, but more delayed reports will likely come in today, and the total number of tornadoes from the outbreak will probably be in the 80 to 90 range. This would put the March 2, 2012 in 2nd or 3rd place for the largest tornado outbreak so early in the year. The top five 2-day tornado outbreaks for so early in the year:
January 21 - 22, 1999: 129 tornadoes, 4 deaths
February 5 - 6, 2008: 87 tornadoes, 57 deaths
March 2, 2012: 81 tornadoes, 31 deaths
February 28 - March 1, 1997: 60 tornadoes, 10 deaths
January 7 - 8, 2008: 56 tornadoes, 4 deaths
Though the 36 tornadoes that occurred during the February 28 - 29 Leap Day outbreak were part of a separate storm system, the 5-day tornado total from February 28 - March 3, 2012 may eclipse the late January 1999 tornado outbreak as the most prolific 5-day period of tornado activity on record for so early in the year.

Figure 3. Damage from the Salyersville, Kentucky tornado of March 2, 2012. Damage characteristic of at least EF-3 intensity occurred. Image credit: Jon Pelton, via the NWS Jackson, KY.

Figure 4. Radar image of the Salyersville, Kentucky tornado of March 2, 2012, showing a classic hook echo of a tornado.
Slight risk of severe weather today over the Southeast U.S.
The storm system that spawned yesterday's severe weather has pushed northwards into Canada, but the trailing cold front is still spawning severe weather over Northern Florida, Southern Georgia, and surrounding states. Three tornadoes have touched down this morning in Southwest Georgia and northern Florida, causing damage but no reported injuries. NOAA's Storm Prediction Center has placed this region in their "Slight Risk" area for severe weather, two steps down from the "High Risk" forecast for Kentucky yesterday. SPC issues "High Risk" forecasts just 3 - 5 times per year, typically. Looking at the long range weather maps, I don't see any storm systems capable of causing major tornado outbreaks coming during the next 7 - 10 days. You can use our Severe Weather Page and Interactive Tornado Page to follow today's storms.

Figure 5. Team Rubicon at work during last year's tornado recovery efforts.
Portlight disaster relief charity responds to the tornado disaster
Portlight has a seasoned veteran from last year's tornado recovery efforts in Harrisburg, IL, and is looking for more people to volunteer their time. They are teaming with another disaster recovery charity, Team Rubicon, in the effort. As usual, they will be focusing efforts on the un-served, under-served and forgotten. Please visit the Portlight Disaster Relief blog to learn more. Donations are always welcome! My heartfelt sympathies and prayers go to all those affected by yesterday's destruction.
I'll be back Monday with much more information on the tornado outbreak.
Jeff Masters
It has been an exciting night and is expected to get worse between 2-6 AM.
After a day of tornado warnings, supercells, hail and high winds... it was nice to see a rainbow.
Friday Mount Juliet Hail 3 (
c3tn)
Hail from storm moving through the Mount Juliet, TN area Friday afternoon.
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http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/46613843/ns/busines s-stocks_and_economy/
Deadly tornadoes create huge insured loss risk
Link?
Which means, then, that the West Liberty damage could be EF-3, at least potentially.
I think it will take a little bit of time to study this West Liberty tornado damage as it covers a big area. I am in the EF-4 camp,but they could classify it as a EF-3.
Been trying to find it on the NWS site but having no luck. Would be interesting to learn how wide that tornado was and how long the continuous path was.
EDIT: Eric Fisher of TWC posted on his account saying Henryville is EF4 at 175 mph.
Yeah, I imagine the NWS team is rather busy in that area today.
Well, we'll see what the results is from Henryville soon. It appears that two tornadoes hit Henryville, so they're still trying to figure out the 2nd tornado I think. First one was EF4.
Everyone should have a weather radio. Many communities no longer even support weather sirens.
Confirmed EF3 Tornado in Menifee and Morgan Counties. The tornado in West Liberty was rated as EF3.
Confirmed EF3 Tornado in Salyersville in Magoffin County.
Confirmed EF2 Tornado in Laurel County.
More specific information on completed surveys will be posted as it becomes available.
It has been confirmed.
Saw this tweet from one of CNN reporter:
Press conference now in Henryville, IN. Communication spotty. NWS report tornado likely EF4, but can't confirm w/survey team (bad signal).
FLOOD WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE TALLAHASSEE FL
538 PM EST SAT MAR 3 2012
ALC061-067-069-FLC005-013-037-039-045-059-063-065 -073-077-079-123-
129-131-133-GAC007-017-019-027-037-071-075-087-09 5-099-131-155-173-
177-185-201-205-253-275-277-287-321-041030-
/O.NEW.KTAE.FA.W.0001.120303T2238Z-120304T1030Z/
/00000.0.ER.000000T0000Z.000000T0000Z.000000T0000 Z.OO/
GENEVA AL-HOUSTON AL-TURNER GA-TIFT GA-THOMAS GA-MITCHELL GA-
MILLER GA-LOWNDES GA-LANIER GA-LEE GA-BROOKS GA-BAKER GA-BEN HILL GA-
BERRIEN GA-CALHOUN GA-WORTH GA-COLQUITT GA-COOK GA-DOUGHERTY GA-
EARLY GA-GRADY GA-IRWIN GA-CALHOUN FL-LEON FL-MADISON FL-JACKSON FL-
DECATUR GA-SEMINOLE GA-GULF FL-LIBERTY FL-HOLMES FL-HENRY AL-
TAYLOR FL-JEFFERSON FL-BAY FL-GADSDEN FL-WAKULLA FL-FRANKLIN FL-
WASHINGTON FL-WALTON FL-
538 PM EST SAT MAR 3 2012
THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN TALLAHASSEE HAS ISSUED A
* FLOOD WARNING FOR...
FRANKLIN COUNTY IN FLORIDA...
GADSDEN COUNTY IN FLORIDA...
JEFFERSON COUNTY IN FLORIDA...
LEON COUNTY IN FLORIDA...
LIBERTY COUNTY IN FLORIDA...
MADISON COUNTY IN FLORIDA...
NORTHWESTERN TAYLOR COUNTY IN FLORIDA...
WAKULLA COUNTY IN FLORIDA...
BAY COUNTY IN THE PANHANDLE OF FLORIDA...
CALHOUN COUNTY IN THE PANHANDLE OF FLORIDA...
GULF COUNTY IN THE PANHANDLE OF FLORIDA...
HOLMES COUNTY IN THE PANHANDLE OF FLORIDA...
JACKSON COUNTY IN THE PANHANDLE OF FLORIDA...
WALTON COUNTY IN THE PANHANDLE OF FLORIDA...
WASHINGTON COUNTY IN THE PANHANDLE OF FLORIDA...
BEN HILL COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
BERRIEN COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
BROOKS COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
COLQUITT COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
COOK COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
IRWIN COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
LANIER COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
LOWNDES COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
THOMAS COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
TIFT COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
TURNER COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
WORTH COUNTY IN SOUTH CENTRAL GEORGIA...
EASTERN GENEVA COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST ALABAMA...
SOUTHEASTERN HENRY COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST ALABAMA...
HOUSTON COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST ALABAMA...
BAKER COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST GEORGIA...
SOUTHERN CALHOUN COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST GEORGIA...
DECATUR COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST GEORGIA...
DOUGHERTY COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST GEORGIA...
EARLY COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST GEORGIA...
GRADY COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST GEORGIA...
SOUTHEASTERN LEE COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST GEORGIA...
MILLER COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST GEORGIA...
MITCHELL COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST GEORGIA...
SEMINOLE COUNTY IN SOUTHWEST GEORGIA...
* UNTIL 530 AM EST SUNDAY/430 AM CST SUNDAY/
* AT 524 PM EST/424 PM CST/...SATELLITE ANALYSIS AND TRENDS INDICATE
THE POTENTIAL OF REDEVELOPMENT OF RAINFALL OVER THE WARNED AREA.
NEW CONVECTION IS EXPECTED TO MOVE ASHORE FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO
OVERNIGHT. ADDITIONAL RAINFALL OF 3 TO 5 INCHES IS POSSIBLE OVER
PORTIONS OF THE WARNED AREA ON TOP OF ALREADY SATURATED SOILS.
A FLOOD WARNING MEANS THAT FLOODING IS IMMINENT OR HAS HIGH
POTENTIAL TO OCCUR. STREAM RISES WILL BE SLOW AND FLASH FLOODING IS
NOT EXPECTED. HOWEVER...ALL INTERESTED PARTIES SHOULD TAKE NECESSARY
PRECAUTIONS IN AREAS PRONE TO FLOODING OR IN FLOODWAYS ON SMALL
CREEKS AND STREAMS OR IN URBAN AREAS.
PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...
ADDITIONAL RAINFALL AMOUNTS OF 3 TO 5 INCHES ARE POSSIBLE IN THE
WARNED AREA.
EXCESSIVE RUNOFF FROM HEAVY RAINFALL WILL CAUSE FLOODING OF SMALL
CREEKS AND STREAMS...HIGHWAYS AND UNDERPASSES. ADDITIONALLY...COUNTRY
ROADS AND FARMLANDS ALONG THE BANKS OF CREEKS...STREAMS AND OTHER LOW
LYING AREAS ARE SUBJECT TO FLOODING.
BE ESPECIALLY CAUTIOUS AT NIGHT WHEN IT IS HARDER TO RECOGNIZE THE
DANGERS OF FLOODING. IF FLOODING IS OBSERVED ACT QUICKLY. MOVE UP TO
HIGHER GROUND TO ESCAPE FLOOD WATERS. DO NOT STAY IN AREAS SUBJECT TO
FLOODING WHEN WATER BEGINS RISING.
REPORT FLOODING OR FLOOD DAMAGE TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN
TALLAHASSEE AT (8 5 0) 9 4 2 8 8 3 3. OR...YOU MAY CONTACT THE
NEAREST LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY OR YOUR COUNTY EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT.
THEY WILL RELAY YOUR REPORT TO THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE.
&&
LAT...LON 3089 8635 3185 8351 3178 8299 3145 8314
3087 8297 3064 8313 3008 8398 3005 8430
2989 8434 2968 8487 2962 8507 2960 8498
2965 8535 2994 8541 3038 8640 3039 8613
3046 8640
$$
52-LANIER
Below normal precip also forecast for many areas besides the Northwest and Midwest...
None of this is easing my fears about the coming wildfire season.
No way! Look at the NWS home page... Half the Florida Panhandle and much of southern Georgia is under a flood warning.
I'd be really concerned about Severe Weather season, which has obviously already begun, as well. Spring is a little over two weeks away, but there has been little in the way of arctic outbreaks this year. What this has done is prevented the Gulf of Mexico from cooling, which means a lot more moisture than normal is now available for strong low pressure areas to draw up and meet with cooler air behind it. Additionally, we've had a screaming jet stream for the past several months, which is providing strong wind shear for outbreaks.
Yeah, I'm not too enthusiastic about the upcoming Severe Weather season.
GR2Analyst does not display river/aerial Flood Warnings, just Flash Flood, Tornado, Marine, and Severe Thunderstorm Warnings.
Oh, Flood Warning, GR2Analyst doesn't have that. It has Flash Flood Warnings. My bad.
Yeah, my mistake.
One must wonder... how exactly will the public use this information? Are people going to avoid all low spots and river/stream crossings over a ~100,000mi2 area?
"Toddler found alive in Indiana field after storms."
A hospital spokeswoman says a 2-year-old girl found alive in an Indiana field after violent storms is the sole survivor of her immediate family.
Cis Gruebbel is a spokeswoman for Kosair Children's Hospital in Louisville, Ky. She said Saturday that the girl's mother, father, 2-month-old sister and 3-year-old brother all died Friday when the storms devastated southern Indiana.
Gruebbel says the toddler is in critical condition.
She would not identify the child and says she could not provide details on the child's ordeal. She says extended family members are at the hospital with the child.
Melissa Richardson, a spokeswoman for the hospital in Salem, Ind. where the child was first taken, said the child's family is from New Pekin, Ind., and she was found near her home.
Link
DAY 1 CONVECTIVE OUTLOOK
NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK
0152 PM CST SAT MAR 03 2012
VALID 032000Z - 041200Z
...THERE IS A SLGT RISK OF SVR TSTMS ACROSS SERN GA AND ADJACENT NRN
FL...
...N FL/SERN GA...
TORNADO THREAT APPEARS TO BE DECREASING ATTM...AS THE MORE VIGOROUS
INDIVIDUAL SUPERCELL STORMS ARE NOW CONFINED TO THE FAR SERN GA
AREA. AS THESE STORMS CONTINUE TO MOVE OFFSHORE...PRIMARY
CONVECTIVE MODE IN THE WAKE OF THE MORE CELLULAR CONVECTION WILL
LIKELY BE LINEAR. THEREFORE...WILL REMOVE 10% TORNADO PROBABILITY
THIS FORECAST...CONTINUING WITH A 5% AREA COINCIDENT WITH THE SLIGHT
RISK LINES.
THE NWRN FL COASTAL AREA IS ALSO BEING REMOVED THIS FORECAST...AS
SURFACE DATA REVEALING PERSISTENT BOUNDARY LAYER SWLYS AND
ASSOCIATED CLEARING ALONG THE W COAST SUGGESTS THAT MAIN CONVECTIVE
ACTIVITY SHOULD REMAIN INLAND.
OTHERWISE...KINEMATIC AND THERMODYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT ACROSS SERN GA
AND NRN FL AHEAD OF THE MAIN CONVECTIVE LINE REMAINS SUPPORTIVE OF
STRONG/SEVERE STORMS...AND THUS LOCALLY GUSTY/DAMAGING WINDS AND
HAIL WILL BE POSSIBLE...ALONG WITH AN ISOLATED TORNADO OR TWO...INTO
THE EVENING HOURS.
..GOSS.. 03/03/2012
Good question... It's kind of inconvenient for people to avoid that entire area.
Do you have a link to that important news?
ugh? i was thinking more like EF4 or 5
I was too based on what the radar looked like, but the damage was actually not as bad as I thought it would be... EF3 probably the right call by NWS
ok
Oh that is so sad.
Eric Fisher Twitter:
West Liberty, KY #tornado has been preliminarily rated an EF-3 by the NWS. Also an EF-3 in Saylersville. #kywx
Strongest depiction on radar seemed to be just west of town, so it is possible that nothing was hit, or they havent found the damage yet to make the rating higher. Similar situation for Salyersville.
Just another reminder as to why we should probably keep super early speculation to a minimum.
That is sooooooo 20 messages ago....
lol
This is a sounding for the warm sector in 120 hours, or next Thursday. What this is showing is a very favorable wind shear environment, conducive for tornadoes. However, temperature aren't quite sufficient for a big outbreak due to cloud cover limiting daytime heating. We'll have to watch this though, because the wind profile is absolutely insane in this sounding.
Well, since you brought it up...
While things are slow...
And hopefully it'll stay that way!!!
"Oceans Turning Acidic Faster than Past 300 Million Years."
Man... I'll miss oysters!
Link
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